Radiation exposure and thyroid cancer: a review

ABSTRACT The association between radiation exposure and the occurrence of thyroid cancer has been well documented, and the two main risk factors for the development of a thyroid cancer are the radiation dose delivered to the thyroid gland and the age at exposure. The risk increases after exposure to a mean dose of more than 0.05-0.1 Gy (50-100mGy). The risk is more important during childhood and decreases with increased age at exposure, being low in adults. After exposure, the minimum latency period before the appearance of thyroid cancers is 5 to 10 years. Papillary carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequent form of thyroid carcinoma diagnosed after radiation exposure, with a higher prevalence of the solid subtype in young children with a short latency period and of the classical subtype in cases with a longer latency period after exposure. Molecular alterations, including intra-chromosomal rearrangements, are frequently found. Among them, RET/PTC rearrangements are the most frequent. Current research is directed on the mechanism of genetic alterations induced by radiation and on a molecular signature that can identify the origin of thyroid carcinoma after a known or suspected exposure to radiation.

Carcinoma papilar de tiroides en un niño con hipotiroidismo congénito dishormonogénico: Reporte de un caso / Papillary thyroid carcinoma in a child with congenital dyshormonogenetic hypothyroidism: Case report

Introducción: El cáncer papilar de tiroides (CPT) es una enfermedad infrecuente en pediatría. La presentación de CPT asociado a hipotiroidismo congénito (HC) dishormonogénico es excepcional, y hay pocos casos reportados en la literatura. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de CPT en un paciente con HC dishormonogénico sin bocio, expuesto a radiación ionizante. Evaluar asociaciones entre estos factores y el desarrollo de CPT. Caso clínico: Paciente varón con antecedentes de HC dishormonogénico, por lo que recibió suplementación precoz con levotiroxina, logrando niveles normales de tirotropinas y hormonas tiroideas. Con antecedentes de cardiopatía congénita, fue sometido tratamiento intervencional con 10 cateterismos cardíacos y aproximadamente 26 radiografías de tórax con dosis pediátrica. A la edad de 6 años se encontró un nódulo tiroideo mediante ecografía. La citología por punción aspirativa con aguja fina confirmó alta sospecha de carcinoma tiroideo (Bethesda 5). El estudio de etapificación no mostró metástasis en el tórax ni en el cerebro. Fue sometido a tiroidectomía total y el análisis histopatológico reveló un microcarcinoma papilar de 0,5 cm intratiroideo, sin evidencia de diseminación. Conclusión: Las mutaciones genéticas propias de esta enfermedad y la exposición a radiación ionizante pudieran estar implicadas en el desarrollo de CPT. Es probable que haya vías fisiopatológicas comunes que requieren mayor investigación.

Introduction: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a rare childhood disease. The development of PTC in dyshormonogenetic congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is infrequent, with very few case reports in literature. Objective: To report a case of PTC in a boy with dyshormonogenetic CH without goitre and exposed to ionising radiation. To evaluate relationships between these factors and development of PTC. Case report: We present a boy with dyshormonogenetic CH since birth. Early hormonal substitution was initiated, with subsequent normal levels of thyrotropin and thyroid hormones. He has also congenital cardiomyopathy, exposed to interventional treatment with 10 heart catheterisations, and approximately 26 chest X-rays at paediatric doses. A thyroid nodule was found in thyroid echography at the age of 6 years old. Fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed high probability of thyroid carcinoma (Bethesda 5). The pre-surgical thorax and cerebral scan showed no evidence of metastasis. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy. Pathological examination revealed a 0.5 cm papillary thyroid micro-carcinoma in the right lobe, with no evidence of dissemination. Conclusion: Genetic mutations and radiation exposure may play an important role in the development of PTC. There may be common pathways between dyshormonogenetic CH and thyroid carcinoma that need further investigation.

Brown tumors of the femur and pelvis secondary to a parathyroid carcinoma: Report of one case / Tumores pardos de fémur y pelvis secundarios a carcinoma de paratiroides: Informe de un caso

Brown tumors result from excess osteoclast activity and consist of collections of osteoclasts intermixed with fibrous tissue and poorly mineralized woven bone. They are secondary to hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Their incidence is higher in primary than in secondary hyperparathyroidism. We report a 69 years-old male, admitted in a state of confusion, lethargy and bedridden, with a pathological fracture of the femur caused by a brown tumor. The laboratory examination revealed a hypercalcemia (8.85 mEq/L), with high levels of ionized Ca (5.48mEq/L), serum alkaline phosphatases (416 U/L) and serum parathormone (120 pg/mL). Ultrasound examination of the neck showed a large parathyroid tumor, probably corresponding to a carcinoma. A primary HPT was diagnosed. The patient was hydrated and high doses of diuretics and bisphosphonates were administered. After correction of serum calcium and neurologic symptoms, the patient was operated, performing an extensive resection of the tumor. The pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma.

Los tumores pardos son una consecuencia de una actividad osteoclástica excesiva y consisten en osteoclastos mezclados con tejido fibroso y tejido óseo mal mineralizado. Son secundarios a hiperparatiroidismo y más comunes en hiperparatiroidismo primario. Informamos de un hombre de 69 años que ingresa confuso y letárgico con una fractura patológica del fémur causada por un tumor pardo. El laboratorio mostró hipercalcemia de 8,85 mEq/L, fosfatasas alcalinas de 416 U/L y parathormona de 120 pg/mL. La ecografía del cuello mostró un tumor paratiroideo sospechoso de carcinoma. Se diagnosticó un hiperparatiroidismo primario. El paciente se hidrató y estabilizó con diuréticos y bifosfonatos. Una vez estabilizado, se operó efectuando una extensa resección del tumor. El estudio anatomopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico de cáncer de paratiroides.

Prevalence of thyroid diseases in patients with acromegaly: experience of a Brazilian center / Prevalência das doenças tireoidianas em pacientes com acromegalia: experiência de um centro brasileiro

OBJECTIVES: Acromegaly is frequently associated with thyroid diseases. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of thyroid disorders in a series of acromegalic patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 106 acromegalic patients using thyroid ultrasonography (US) and measurements of GH, IGF-I, free T4, TSH and anti-thyroperoxidase antibody levels. IGF-I was expressed in mass units and age-related standard deviation scores (SD-scores). Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed on thyroid nodules with a diameter greater than one centimeter or with suspicious characteristics. RESULTS: Thyroid disorders were found in 75 patients. Eleven patients had diffuse goiter, 42 patients had nodular goiter, and 22 patients had unspecific morphological abnormalities. Four patients (3.8%) had thyroid carcinoma. Considering the patients with diffuse or nodular goiter, thyroid volume was greater in patients with active acromegaly, and was positively correlated with GH, IGF-I, and IGF-I SD-score. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed that benign thyroid diseases are frequent in acromegalic patients. The prevalence of thyroid cancer was higher than in the overall population. We suggest that thyroid US should be routinely performed in patients with acromegaly.

OBJETIVOS: Acromegalia está frequentemente associada a doenças tireoidianas. Neste estudo, avaliamos a presença de tireoidopatias em uma série de pacientes acromegálicos. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 106 pacientes por ultrassonografia (US) e dosagens de GH, IGF-1, T4 livre, TSH e anticorpo antitireoperoxidase. O IGF-I foi expresso em unidades de massa e desvio-padrão (DP-IGF-I). Punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) foi realizada quando os nódulos eram maiores que um centímetro ou tinham características suspeitas. RESULTADOS: Alterações tireoidianas foram encontradas em 75 pacientes. Onze apresentavam bócio difuso, 42, bócio nodular e 22, alterações morfológicas inespecíficas. Houve quatro casos (3,8%) de câncer diferenciado de tireoide. Considerando os pacientes com bócio difuso ou nodular, o volume tireoidiano foi maior naqueles com acromegalia em atividade e correlacionou-se positivamente com os níveis de GH, IGF-1 e DP-IGF-1. CONCLUSÕES: Nosso estudo confirmou que as doenças tireoidianas benignas são frequentes nos pacientes acromegálicos. A prevalência de câncer diferenciado de tireoide foi maior que na população geral. Sugerimos que US de tireoide seja realizado rotineiramente nos pacientes com acromegalia.

Association between Fecal Bile Acids and Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies

PURPOSE: To provide a systematic review with meta-analysis for addressing the relationship between fecal bile acids (FBAs) and colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for all observational studies that examined the relationship between FBAs and colorectal cancer or adenoma, and calculated weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Publication bias was assessed with funnel plot. RESULTS: Twenty case-control or cohort studies were identified. All studies were pooled to assess the relationship between total FBAs and cancer/adenoma of the large bowel, however, no association was seen (WMD 0.61mg/g freeze-dried feces; 95% CI: -0.35-1.57). Significantly increased concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was seen while pooling to assess the relationship between CDCA and cancer/adenoma of the large bowel (WMD 0.13 mg/g freeze-dried feces; 95% CI: 0.01-0.25), especially for colorectal cancer (WMD 0.28mg/g freeze-dried feces; 95% CI: 0.10-0.46). However, no significant differences in deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), and primary and secondary bile acids, were seen between patients with cancer and patients with matched controls regardless of fixed and random effects models. CONCLUSION: CDCA might play a role in the etiology of colorectal cancer.

Chromosome instability in carcinomas / Inestabilidad Cromosómica en Carcinomas

Los modelos actuales de carcinogénesis consideran la ocurrencia de mutaciones crecientes y mecanismos selectivos, favoreciendo la sobrevivencia y proliferación celular aumentada. Mecanismos epigenéticos también participan en la oncogénesis, destacando la metilación del DNA. La característica de las células tumorales que permite el aumento de la ocurrencia de mutaciones es denominada inestabilidad genética, donde son identificados dos mecanismos: inestabilidad de microsatélites, caracterizada por alteraciones nucleotídicas con errores en los sistemas de reparación del DNA; inestabilidad cromosómica, en la cual las aberraciones suceden en grandes segmentos cromosómicos. Los carcinomas son caracterizados por alteraciones citogenéticas complejas y grandes mezclas génicas. Alteraciones teloméricas, quiebres de DNA reparados inadecuadamente y deficiencia en los sistemas de chequeo del huso mitótico, son eventos capaces de generar inestabilidad cromosómica y aneuploidía que caracterizan estas neoplasias más agresivas. El conocimiento de los mecanismos que provocan la inestabilidad cromosómica puede permitir la utilización clínica de información en el desarrollo de estrategias terapéuticas más adecuadas, dirigidas a puntos específicos involucrados en procesos de malignización.

In the current carcinogenesis models, the occurrence of increasing mutations and selection mechanisms favoring cell survival and higher proliferation rates are taken into account. Epigenetic mechanisms, among which DNA methylation stands out, also take part in oncogenesis. The characteristic of tumor cells that allows the increase of mutations is named genetic instability, encompassing two mechanisms: microsatellite instability, characterized by nucleotide alterations with errors in the DNA repair systems; and chromosomal instability, represented by aberrations occurring in large chromosome segments. Carcinomas are characterized by complex cytogenetic alterations and large gene amalgamations. Telomeric alterations, inadequately repaired DNA breaks, and deficiencies in the mitotic spindle checking systems are events capable of generating the chromosomal instability and aneuploidy which characterize more aggressive neoplasias. A better understanding of the chromosomal instability mechanisms can show the way towards a clinical utilization of such information, like developing more adequate therapeutic strategies, targeted at specific sites involved in the malignization process.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the submandibular salivary gland with fulminant clinical course: a case report.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of salivary glands is too poorly differentiated to be classified as any of the specific group of carcinomas. This is a rare disease, the incidence of which is rather low-to-very low in the Indian subcontinent. The tumor can assume an aggressive clinical behavior characterized by disseminated metastases. The prognosis is rated as dismal; as evidenced by this clinical report of a tumor in the submandibular salivary gland with synchronous metastases to the skull bones and in to the intracranial fossa. The putative relationship of the tumor to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is discussed.

Carcinoma indiferenciado de tireóide / Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

O carcinoma diferenciado de tireóide, papilífero ou folicular, usualmente tem um curso relativo benigno após a tireoidectomia total e ablação de remanescentes tireoideanos com 131I. Em contraste, o carcinoma anaplásico de tireóide ou carcinoma indiferenciado de tireóide, também derivado do epitélio folicular tireoideano, é uma das neoplasias humanas mais agressivas, que perdeu a maioria ou todas as características do tecido de origem. Crescimento tumoral rápido é um presságio de mortalidade precoce a menos que se institua tratamento combinado agressivo. Não dispomos ainda de um tratamento que leva à cura definitiva para a maioria dos pacientes. A melhor conduta se constitui de um tratamento cirúrgico agressivo associado com a combinação de novos agentes quimioterápicos e radioterapia externa.

Braquiterapia intersticial para recidivas de câncer de colo uterino pós-radioterapia / Interstitial high-dose rate brachytherapy for recurrent cervical cancer after radiation therapy

OBJETIVO: Analisar a resposta e toxicidade da braquiterapia de alta taxa de dose (BATD) intersticial para carcinoma do colo do útero com recidiva pélvica pós-radioterapia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Entre 1998 e 2001, 11 pacientes com carcinoma de colo de útero e que tiveram recidiva pélvica pós-radioterapia receberam BATD intersticial. Idade: 41 a 71 anos (média: 56,5 anos); estádios (FIGO): IIA, IIB, IIIB e IVA. Nove (82 por cento) pacientes tinham carcinoma de células escamosas e duas (18 por cento), adenocarcinoma. Dose total de BATD: 20-30 Gy, em frações de 4-5 Gy. O seguimento variou de dois a 54 meses (média: 22,5 meses), através de exame físico periódico (três meses). Uma paciente faleceu sem avaliação de resposta. RESULTADOS: Dez pacientes (91 por cento) tiveram resposta clínica completa, com duração de três a 46 meses (média: 18,9 meses). Três pacientes estão livres de doença (27 por cento), duas estão vivas com doença (18 por cento), três morreram (27 por cento) e de três se perdeu o seguimento após nova recidiva (27 por cento). A toxicidade para o trato urinário foi de 9 por cento (uma paciente - grau III). CONCLUSAO: A BATD intersticial é uma abordagem alternativa e viável para pacientes selecionadas que tiveram recidiva pós-radioterapia. Foi possível obter altas taxas de resposta com baixa toxicidade, considerando-se o grupo estudado, o tempo de seguimento e a re-irradiação.

Envejecimiento y cáncer ginecológico / Aging and gynecologic cancer

Se destaca la relación entre el cáncer y el envejecimiento en la mujer, en su aumentada incidencia, en los diferentes aspectos moleculares que la sustentan y las características biológicas propias de los distintos carcinomas y aquellas vinculadas al avance de la edad en la mujer huésped.

The interrelation between cancer and ageing in women is emphasized. on its increased incidence. in their molecular background, into the particular biological characteristics of the different tumors and the effects of ageing in the affected women.

Oncogenicidade do papilomavírus humano e o grau de neoplasia intra-epitelial anal em doentes HIV positivo / Human papillomavirus oncogenicity and grade of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV positive patients

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o grau de neoplasia intra-epitelial anal (NIA) está associado ao tipo do HPV em doentes HIV positivo, já que esses apresentam imunodepressão durante longos períodos. MÉTODOS: Identificamos os tipos do HPV, pelo método da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), e realizamos exame anatomo-patológico para avaliar o grau de NIA em 39 homens HIV positivo portadores de condilomas acuminados perianais. RESULTADOS: Observamos NIA de alto grau em nove (23,1 por cento) e NIA de baixo grau em 30 doentes (76,9 por cento). Os tipos virais mais observados foram os não oncogênicos 6 e 11 em 64 por cento e os oncogênicos 16, 18 e 31 em 20,5 por cento. Não identificamos o tipo viral em quatro doentes (10,2 por cento), embora o teste revelasse a presença do DNA viral. Comparando o padrão histológico e os tipos virais, observamos que os tipos não oncogênicos do HPV também podem estar associados ao desenvolvimento de NIA de alto grau. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados obtidos nas condições de execução deste estudo permitem concluir que tanto os tipos oncogênicos como os não oncogênicos de HPV podem estar associados ao desenvolvimento de NIA de alto grau em doentes HIV positivo.

The carcinoma of parathyroid gland.

Parathyroid carcinoma constitutes less than 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism. The exact etiology is not known. Prior radiation to neck, chronic renal failure and genetic factors are thought to play a role. The male to female ratio is one. Parathyroid carcinomas are slow growing, have a tendency to recur locally and metastasize late. 95% of parathyroid carcinomas are functioning. The major distinguishing features of malignant hyperparathyroidism are presence of a palpable mass in the neck and features of severe hypercalcemia. By far the most important test to diagnose primary hyperparathyroidism is serum level of Immunoreactive PTH. The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is essentially clinical and biochemical. Biopsy is not necessary before definitive surgery. CT scan appears to be the best investigation for detecting the primary tumor, its local extent and metastases. Most of the symptoms are attributable to hypercalcemia, which needs to be treated aggressively. Early surgery with 'en bloc' resection of the tumor is the only potentially curative treatment. Parathyroid carcinoma is traditionally said to be resistant to radiotherapy. Various chemotherapeutic agents have been used with partial anecdotal responses. The 5-year survival is about 50% and 10-year survival varies from 13-49%.

The epidemiology of laryngeal cancer in Brazil

A cidade de São Paulo apresenta uma das mais altas incidências de câncer de laringe no mundo e o Brasil uma ocorrência expressiva quando comparada com outros países da América Latina. Em torno de 8.000 casos novos e 3.000 mortes pela doença atingem anualmente a população brasileira. Na cidade de São Paulo, as taxas de incidência por câncer de laringe mostram-se decrescentes desde o final da década de 1980, porém, entre as mulheres as taxas revelam-se estáveis. Estas tendências, possivelmente, expressam as mudanças no comportamento de homens e mulheres em relação ao consumo de cigarros. Vários fatores de risco são relacionados ao câncer de laringe. Os mais importantes são tabagismo e consumo bebidas alcoólicas, porém exposições a cancerígenos ocupacionais também são associadas à doença, como o amianto, os ácidos inorgânicos fortes, a poeira de cimento e a sílica cristalina livre. O consumo de carne salgada e gorduras está relacionado com excesso de risco de câncer de laringe. Por outro lado, vários estudos têm confirmado que frutas, vegetais crus e legumes protegem contra este câncer. Há referências da possível associação entre carcinoma espinocelular de laringe e o papiloma vírus humano (HPV), mas este fato não está comprovado. O refluxo gastro-intestinal relaciona-se de forma tênue, porém consistente com o câncer de laringe. Aglomeração de câncer na família, particularmente de tumores de cabeça e pescoço, aumenta o risco de câncer da laringe. Polimorfismos genéticos, especialmente de genes envolvidos na ação de enzimas responsáveis pela metabolização de cancerígenos, apresentam associação com o câncer de laringe de acordo com estudos recentes. Políticas de controle do tabagismo e consumo excessivo de álcool, bem como a vigilância de exposições a cancerígenos ocupacionais, terão benéficas repercussões no câncer de laringe. Não há recomendação para o rastreamento de câncer da laringe, todavia uma vez realizado o diagnóstico o tratamento médico imediato influenciará na sobrevida do paciente.

Micronucleus investigation of alcoholic patients with oral carcinomas

The micronucleus test (MN) is used as an indicator of genotoxic exposition, since it is associated with chromosome aberrations. An increased mutation rate in oral squamous cells, indicated by an increased MN frequency, is also related to the development of oral carcinomas. We evaluated the frequencies of MN and other metanucleated anomalies in the buccal squamous cells of 30 alcoholics with oral or oropharyngeal carcinomas, and compared them to a control group of abstinent health individuals. Microscopic examination was made of 2000 cells per individual from each of three distinct areas of the mouth: around the lesion (A), opposite to the lesion (B) and in the upper gingival-labial gutter (C); C was used as a control region because of low tumor frequency. There was a seven-fold increase in MN frequency in region B, a three-fold increase in region A and a two-fold, though nonsignificant, increase in C; indicating a gradient of frequencies towards carcinogenesis: C ® A ® B. Comparisons of frequencies of various types of metanucleated cells: binucleated, karyorrhexis (KR), karyolysis (KL) and broken egg (BE) in patients and controls showed, with few exceptions, highly significant differences. This gave us a better understanding of the dynamics of this squamous epithelium, supporting a more efficient biomonitor based on these various metanucleated anomalies: the repair index . Also, the apparently contradictory results from regression analysis revealed that the MN frequency decreased with age and alcohol consumption, probably because of slow cell proliferation, and consequently led to a loss of homeostasis due to aging. In addition, in the analysis of nonparametric variables only one CAGE question was significant, confirming the effect of alcohol. In conclusion, the MN test and the repair index could be used for monitoring clinical evolution, by means of intra- and inter-individual cellular comparisons, in subjects with healed or surgically removed tumors or leukoplastic lesions, after chemo- or radiotherapeutic treatments.

Pancreatico-biliary ductal union.

A long common channel distal to the pancreaticobiliary junction is the commonest anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system and is mostly observed in patients with congenital choledochal cysts. APBDU without choledochal cyst is a high-risk condition for the development of gallbladder carcinomas. Prophylactic excision of the extrahepatic biliary system and reconstruction of the biliary tract with hepatico-jejunostomy are recommended. APBDU should always be kept in mind when a patient with a long history of abdominal pain is found to have gall bladder wall thickness even without gallstones on imaging by a CT Scan or Ultra Sound. ERCP should be performed in these patients in order to detect APBDU. This may allow early detection of carcinoma of the biliary tract. Presence of common channel may be associated with a lower incidence of gallstones. However it requires corroboration by other studies. On the other hand carcinoma of the gall bladder appears to have a close association with abnormally long common channel.

Carcinoma bucal: análise da sensibilidade da citopatologia no diagnóstico do carcinoma bucal / Oral carcinoma: an analysis of sensitivity of cytology in the diagnosis of oral carcinomas

Foram estimados pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer para o ano 2000, o aparecimento de 10.890 novos casos de câncer bucal por 100.000 habitantes, sendo 8282 no sexo masculino e 2608 no sexo feminino, representando a sétima neoplasia maligna mais incidente no Brasil. A prevenção e o diagnóstico precoce são atualmente as medidas mais eficientes que dispomos para melhorar o prognóstico do câncer bucal. E face a esta grave situação foi realizado estudo com o objetivo de investigar a incidência do câncer bucal em indivíduos examinados na Clínica de Semiologia e Diagnóstico Bucal da Faculdade de Odontologia de Nova Friburgo, avaliando a sensibilidade e a especificidade da citopatologia no diagnóstico do câncer bucal, identificando as causas do citodiagnóstico falso-negativo e falso-positivo e verificando a correlação cito-histopatológica em áreas toluidina positiva...Concluímos que a citopatologia provou ser um exame sensível na prevenção do câncer bucal e quando realizada com eficiência técnica, apresenta um baixo índice de falso-negativo, e que a utilização da técnica de azul de toluidina contribui para uma melhor seleção dos locais a serem biopsiados nas lesões suspeitas de câncer e pré-câncer bucal.

Carcinoma vesicular incidental durante colecistectomía laparoscópica / Incidental gallbladder cancer during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

La ultrasonografía es el método diagnóstico más utilizado para detectar la patología vesicular y la colecistectomía laparoscópica es la técnica quirúrgica más usada para su tratamiento. Se ha detectado un posible mayor riesgo de diseminación de células neoplásicas durante cirugía laparoscópica. Se presentan 14 casos con diagnóstico de cáncer vesicular diagnosticados durante la cirugía o en el postoperatorio mediante el estudio histológico. Cuatro pacientes se convierten a cirugía abierta por sospecha de cáncer y dos por razones técnicas (colecistitis aguda y fístula colecistocolónica) y en los otros ocho casos se completó el procedimiento laparoscópico. En tres de estos pacientes se comprobó metástasis precoz en el postoperatorio y correspondió a pacientes en etapa T2-T3. En el resto de los pacientes con tumores T1 se comprobó metástasis después de los dos años de operado en un caso y los otros están libres de enfermedad. Se sugiere que ante sospecha de cáncer vesicular se debiera tratar de comprobar el diagnóstico en el preoperatorio e indicar en lo posible cirugía abierta para plantear cirugía más oncológica

Nodulo de sister Joseph como presentación del carcinoma de cuello uterino / Sister Joseph's nodule how presentation of the uterine cervix carcinoma

Las metástasis umbilicares son infrecuentes y reciben el nombre de nódulo de Sistes Joseph. Presentamos una mujer de 51 años que consultó por autodetectarse dos formaciones tumorales subcutáneas, la primera de tres meses de evolución en el ombligo y la restante en la pared anterior del tórax. La biopsis de la lesión umbilical imformó carcinoma epidermoide queratinizante subcutáneo diagnosticándose la neoplasia primaria en el cuello uterino. En el presente trabajo se realiza una reviosión bibliográfica del nódulo de Sister Joseph. Destacamos su escasa frecuencia como manifestación inicial del carcinoma de cuello uterino debiéndose considerar en el diagnóstico diferencial de los tumores de ombligo